Monthly Archives: August 2010

Stories From Big Sky Country

Summer evenings, in the days before Maya, Shanthala and I would go for a walk. If we both had had a long day, or sometimes because we were in the mood for it, or just plain lazy, we would have had dinner at some nearby restaurant. We were done with dinner usually by 7. With daylight lasting till 8.30 or so, we would easily spend an hour strolling the neighborhood.

Many days, we would be too sleep deprived and weary from work day stresses to talk much. As we strolled, I’d peek at the houses we passed. In most, the TV would be on in a darkened room. In some houses, where the kitchen had a window that faced the road, I’d see one or two people busy putting together a meal. Some had their curtains wide open providing a view of even their backyard. Sometimes, I’d see people seated around a dining table, with a bottle of wine, faces animated by conversation. In some others, I saw one or two older people, eating a meal in silence, their faces and bodies reflecting what I thought was the loneliness characteristic of many older people here in the civilized West.

Some days, I projected myself into their lives, carrying out entire conversations in my head. I wondered what their dreams were, what their fears were. Did they feel safe and secure about the future or did they worry about it ? Did they have healthy children or had they lost someone ? Were they planning their next vacation or just mulling over a stressful situation at work ? Were they planning a wedding or contemplating splitting up ? And when we travel, I often wonder what it is like to live in those other places. Does the verdant, lush vegetation make you feel different when you see it everyday ? Do the cold, majestic mountains and the weather they bring with them depress you or inspire you ?

One of the beauties of fiction is that it gives us a way to live other lives, to think strange thoughts, to engage in a conversation in a way that we do not in our real lives. And in great fiction, the inhabitation is not just more real, but it can also shed light on the human condition, say something deep, yet unspoken about our own lives.

Maile Meloy is one such writer whose works I’ve had the pleasure of spending time with recently. Actually, I read her debut collection of short stories, Half In Love, a year back and was so struck by it, that I read it again last week. I also read her second collection of short stories, the more recent, and almost impossible to get even after placing a hold on it at the library, Both Ways Is The Only Way I Want It. It was through a review of this second book that I read in the NYT book section that I came to know of her.

Montana (flickr picture courtesy of Bitterroot)

Maile Meloy’s stories are usually set in Big Sky country, Montana. Her prose like the country has lots of spaces between. She doesn’t try and fill the description or the narrative as much as possible. So, her prose has an easy, relaxed style that seems to echo the beauty and austerity of the places she writes about, the wide open spaces. Here are some examples of how some of her stories begin:

Chet Morgan grew up in Logan, Montana, at a time when kids weren’t supposed to get polio anymore. In Logan, they still did, and he had it before he was two. He recovered, but his right hip never fit his socket, and his mother always thought that he would die young.

One January evening, when the doctor’s new house felt warm and inviolable against the wind and the cold outside, his younger brother called.

For eight months, I had been telling my client that he had no tort claim. Sawyer had worked construction for thirty years, building houses for people with Montana fantasies.

The first time Hank slept with Kay – the only time – was the night her husband drowned.

Winter was bad when it was just ordinary cold and dark and a smoky haze hung over town because everyone had woodstoves blazing in spite of the burning restrictions.

If you’re white, and you’re not rich or poor but somewhere in the middle, it’s hard to have worse luck than to be born a girl on a ranch.

With beautiful understatement, Meloy paints a picture of hard-scrabble existence in such places: getting polio when you weren’t supposed to, burning wood to keep warm because that’s all you could afford to, the wealthy outsiders with Montana fantasies. She never calls attention to the conditions or the characters. Blink and you can miss it. Similarly, the harsh winters are ever present in the background, but noticed with a few words, where some writers might devote entire pages.

Her stories are like William Stafford’s poems: very short, very haunting. The longest maybe 15 pages, but most are between 7 and 10 pages, with an above average print size. So, I browse through them fairly quickly, returning to read the story again, in some cases, because they are so luminous. If there’s a stereotype to her characters, it is that most of them speak very little, as we’ve come to expect of such people. Many stories are without a climactic denouement, the whole thing like a snapshot taken of someone’s life, or like the view someone like me might catch glancing through the open windows on summer evening strolls.

But her stories are not without their shocking moments, moments where one suddenly feels the chill of Montana winter intrude a summer interlude. Adulteries are revealed in “by the way” sentences such as “Now he thought about how you can not know the songs a man sings when he’s along with his little girl, or with your girl” or “Naomi had been cooked for, in a motel with a kitchenette, on crappy electric burners”. They’re in the middle of a narrative that you think is going in one direction that the sentence almost passes you by.

I think of Meloy as Montana’s Jhumpa Lahiri. Her prose like Lahiri’s (her’s is the name that springs to mind first, though there are others who write with this quality), never calling attention to itself, always deferring to the narrative, but so exquisitely nuanced if you can spot it. Sentences such as: “he walked as though he were turning to himself to ask a question” (about a man who has broken his hip and his legs several times) or “There might be decades left for him to not forgive himself” or “Leo was deformed by grief” or “You have to be young to play the guitar, unless you are very great.”

Like all great fiction, there are little nuggets of observations about life that I relished. For example:

There’s a look little girls have who are adored by their fathers, Bea said, It’s that facial expression of being totally impervious to the badness of the world. If they can keep that look into their twenties, they’re pretty much okay, they’ve got a force field around them.

He held his wife and felt himself anchored to everything that was safe and sure, and kept for himself the knowledge of how quickly he could let go and drift free.

“The whole soul mates idea”, Alice said bitterly, “is really most useful when you’re stealing someone else’s husband. It’s not so good when someone might be stealing yours”.

In grade school, it’s okay to do well. But by high school, being smart gives people ideas. Science teachers start bugging you in the halls. They say Eastern schools have Montana quotas, places for ranch girls who are good at math.

I tried reading her two long novels – the second is a sequel to the first – a year back but couldn’t find the same level of energy or beauty in them. Maybe it has more to do with me reading long novels than her writing.

The distractions of the web, the interruptions of a two year old, the background stress of work or a problem that you’re trying to solve, the stack of unpaid bills, the ideas for writing that are piled so high that you don’t write even a single one in despair, the guilt of the broken habit of running, the desire to spend more time with Shanthala, all conspire to a point where I lack the energy to rip into a great novel. At such times, poems and short stories like Maile Meloy’s provide the relief, the rejuvenation that I need.

Zoetrope has an entire story from Both Ways for reading on the web.

The Birth of Language

It seems like I waded into the middle of a blog brawl between Razib Khan and his dislike of linguistic anthropologists and linguistic anthropologists. Razib not only commented on this blog but also put a pointer to my entry on the death of the Bo language .

In his entry linking to my article, Razib writes:

“… this experience only reinforces my disrespect for the ‘discourse’ which linguistic anthropologists are introducing into the public domain. There are intellectual reasons to be interested in linguistic isolates not part of the big language families (e.g., Semitic, Indo-European, Niger-Kordofanian, etc.), but no language is “70,000 years old.” The Andaman Islanders are not black-skinned elves, immortals who brought their culture in toto from the ur-heimat of Africa, genetic and cultural fossils who have been in total stasis. Cultural anthropologists presumably understand that all humans are equally ancient, derived from African ancestors, and that all languages and peoples are African (or at least 95% so within the last 100,000 years), but their communication to the public confuses the issue and presents some groups as ‘pristine.’

I had quoted what the BBC article had reported without being overly skeptical about the details. Based on his comments, I decided to educate myself a little more. A lot of things stuck out as possible outcomes from the quote, different from the one that Razib was quoting. A primary possibility was that the BBC reporter was the culprit, misquoting (I’m not saying deliberately) the linguist in question, Dr. Anvita Abbi. Another puzzling fact was that many, but not all, news outlets quoted that the Bo language was thought to be 70,000 years old. Did they all get it wrong or were they merely picking off a common source ? But, first I wanted to find out the current consensus on when language evolved.

Language is not just a means of communication, but “a distinct piece of the biological makeup of our brains”, not unlike bipedalism, as the famous linguist, Steven Pinker, put it. Language is also not the same as speech, as evidenced by the presence of sign language. And for those of us who think sign language is a fairly modern invention, a signing form of English, Steven Pinker writes in his bestseller, The Language Instinct: “They [sign languages] are found wherever there is a community of deaf people, and each one is a distinct, full language, using the same kinds of grammatical machinery found worldwide in spoken languages. For example, American Sign Language, used by the deaf community in the United States, does not resemble English, or British Sign Language, but relies on agreement and gender systems in a way that is reminiscent of Navajo and Bantu.” Finally, it is important to remember that there are languages which do not have a written form.

These three points are important to understand how we can approach the question of the origin of language. First, humans had to evolve the appropriate neural circuitry for language and they had to evolve the appropriate physical circuitry for speech. But, these two could evolve separately and distinctly. Finally, non-written languages could have been existence before the first written language or written languages could have existed prior to their being set to writing. The Wikipedia quotes the interesting case of Sanskrit, where the earliest parts of Rigveda are thought to have originated around 1500 BC while the first available written version is in the 11th century A.D.

When I asked Shanthala how old did she think language was, smart as she is, she quickly honed in on the question of how could we determine the ages of purely oral languages. If oral languages leave no fossils behind and written languages came much after oral, how can we determine when language evolved ?

We can attempt to answer the question of origin only obliquely, and with an uncertainty that only gets larger as we probe at the edges of the homo lineage. Based on fossil evidence, the oldest modern homo sapiens are dated at about 200,000 years and thought to have migrated out of Africa about 100,000 years ago. The consensus, as far as I can tell from reading the data that I could find, seems to be that human language came into existence somewhere around this period. The idea as stated by Pinker is that all branches of humanity that spread out of Africa evolved language and therefore it must have been around already when the migrations began. Debate about whether a proto language existed before then is the subject of continuing debate. The Wikipedia and especially books such as Pinker’s and Christine Kennealy’s “The First Word” are superb references for those wishing to dig deeper.

Still, is it absurd to say that a language is 70,000 years old ? Languages naturally evolve and it should at least strike one’s skeptical bone that a language could be that old. Even on the extremely remote off chance that this one didn’t, what evidence did they have to speculate its age ? I contacted Dr. Abbi to check if she had indeed said that the Bo language was that old or was the reporter misquoting her. She responded promptly:

Yes the press has made a mistake. No language in its present form can be claimed to be that old. Linguists can reconstruct with some surety upto 10,000 years and in cases of isolated languages much longer, but certainly not beyond 15000.